Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

What is a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm?

An aneurysm is a condition where the walls of a blood vessel weaken. Over a period of time, the pressure of the blood flowing through the vessel causes it to expand or bulge at the point of weakness.

A thoracic aortic aneurysm (or ‘TAA’) occurs in the upper part of the aorta, your body’s major artery. The aorta is roughly the diameter of a garden hose and pumps blood away from your heart.

An aneurysm can develop in any blood vessels (arterial or venous) in the body. Other common vessels that an aneurysm occurs in are:

• Abdominal Aorta (AAA)
• Peripheral Arteries (PAA)
• Mesenteric Arteries

What causes a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm?

The cause of aneurysm is not known, but there are numerous risk factors that include:

• Family history of aneurysm
• Being male
• Being over 65
• A history of smoking
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Atherosclerosis (hardened arteries)
• Having a connective tissue disorder like Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

If you are known to have, or if you are likely to develop an aneurysm disease, it is recommended that you optimise your lifestyle by:

• Controlling high blood pressure
• Controlling cholesterol
• Ceasing smoking
• Exercising regularly

What are the signs/symptoms of a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm?

Sometimes there are no symptoms. Many start small and stay small, although they sometimes expand over time.

However, if the aneurysm does become symptomatic, indicating the aneurysm is growing, the signs can include:

• Tenderness or pain in the chest
• Back pain
• Hoarseness
• Cough
• Shortness of breath

The following symptoms could mean that the AAA is expanding quickly and may rupture. You must go directly for emergency department if you experience them.

• Sudden, intense and persistent chest or back pain, which can be described as a tearing sensation
• Pain that radiates through the torso
• Sweatiness
• Clamminess
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Low blood pressure
• Fast pulse

How will an Aneurysm affect my health?

The effects of an Aneurysm on your health is dependant on the type of aneursym, how quickly it develops and how likely it is to rupture.

Some TAA’s are small and remain small, not presenting an immediate threat of rupture. Others can bulge to a larger size, and/or quickly, causing higher risk of rupture.

What are the stages of an Aneurysm?

TAA’s begin at different sizes, grow at different rates and can be symptomatic, or asymptomatic, so it is difficult to neatly put a TAA into clear stages.

In saying this, all TAA’s begin with a weakening of the aortic wall in the chest area. The weakened point may then grow into a larger, unstable area. At this point the aneurysm will bulge under the internal pressure of the blood flowing through the aorta.

Onwards, the aneurysm can either withstand the pressure difference relatively easily, or it may worsen, and possibly result in a rupture. This process can be very quick (instant), or very slow (over years).

Considering these factors, a regular ultrasound for TAA is recommended, especially if you fall into one of the higher risk groups mentioned above, in ‘What causes a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm?’

TAA’s are usually treated once they are larger than 5cm in diameter.

Asymptomatic aneurysms under 5cm in size are usually monitored with regular ultrasound and/or CT angiograms with reviews from a vascular surgeon.

I think I have a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm – What should I do?

If you think you are at risk of having an aneurysm OR have a family history of aneurysm you should:

1. See your GP: If you are in a high risk group, experiencing some pain or if you are visiting your GP for routine reasons, get a check for AAA with your GP. They may find evidence of an AAA as some can be felt during an abdominal examination. In some instances, patients have been sent for tests for something else and those tests identify the AAA so if you are concerned, please investigate your health with a GP first. If evidence presents of an AAA, your GP will almost always send you onto a Vascular Surgeon.
2. See a Vascular Surgeon: Our surgeons at Sydney Vascular Surgery will likely send you for tests to determine the size and shape (morphology) of your AAA.

Your surgeon will take a detailed history and perform a physical examination, which will include listening to your heart, examining your abdomen and assessing the pulses in your neck, arms and legs both by hand and with a stethoscope. Your surgeon will then either recommend more tests or recommend a course of treatment.

If your aneurysm is under surveillance (ie; it is asymptomatic and smaller than the treatment cut-off size), you would normally have a non-invasive ultrasound at a specialised vascular ultrasound practice on a regular basis as advised by your Vascular Surgeon.

If your aneurysm requires treatment you will require a CT angiogram of the aorta so that your surgeon can look very closely at how to best treat it. Sometimes your surgeon will want to perform a diagnostic angiogram themselves if they want to clarify anything that the CT doesn’t.

It is common for your surgeon to also request that you be:

• reviewed by a cardiologist before you undertake any surgery
• have your renal function assessed and
• have your carotid arteries scanned

to ensure there is no other hidden disease present that would put you at higher risk of periprocedural complications.

Course of Treatment will be discussed with you once your surgeon knows the results of your ultrasound/s, tests and consultations. With this information, they are in a great position to advise you on your options for treatment, which could include surgery, surveillance, and adjustment of lifestyle factors and addition of medications.

What if I don’t have my Aneurysm treated?

Some aneurysms may never require treatment and can simply be monitored on a regular basis, but:

You must not risk leaving any aneurysm unassessed and untreated.

A rupture of an aneurysm can lead to internal hemorrhaging and can be fatal. While the bleeding can stop temporarily in some patients (and in these patients an emergency operation can be successful at repairing the aneurysm), the majority of patients (70-80%) with a ruptured abdominal aneurysm will not survive.

What treatment options does SVS offer for a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm?

At Sydney Vascular Surgery we utilise a range of treatments from conservative measures, through to minimally invasive surgery, and major surgery.

Conservative management

For small, manageable or asymptomatic TAA’s, conservative management is an ideal first step. This involves observation, tests and actions from you and your medical professionals:

• A regular GP checkup
• Regular abdominal ultrasounds to check on the size and risk of the TAA.
• Ongoing surveillance of your symptoms
• Prompt notice of any changes you feel in your body
• Taking up positive lifestyle changes such as:
  • Exercising
  • Quitting smoking
  • Controlling high blood pressure and cholesterol
  • Eating well.

Not all aneurysms will require treatment and, for some patients, the risk of treatment such as surgery is too great in the presence of other health concerns.

Surgery

We must note here that having an aneurysm repaired is a large operation that carries risks and it must be considered that the patient is fit enough to endure the treatment.

Once it is considered that surgical treatment of an aneurysm is less risky than leaving it untreated, surgery will be arranged.

Surgical procedures include:

• Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR)
• Open Surgical Repair - Multidisciplinary

Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR)

EVAR is a minimally invasive surgery where a stent graft (a fabric covered wire frame in the shape of a tube) is inserted inside the aorta via two small entry incisions in the groin. The stent acts as a structural support and strengthens the aortic wall.

Planning for this type of repair is very precise and your surgeon will often seek advice on latest stent technologies from manufacturers and review all CT images in great detail.

In complex aneurysm cases, there may be multiple vascular surgeons involved in the surgery.

EVAR is a technique that our surgeons have a great deal of experience in. They will spend time with you to discuss each stage of the surgery in detail. Everyone is different and every aneurysm is different, so rest assured that your unique case details will be intricately planned for.

Open aneurysm repair (multidisciplinary)

This treatment is often reserved for cases not suitable for endovascular treatment (EVAR). This is because it places the body under much greater stress than an endovascular approach. This is the ‘traditional’ treatment for aneurysms, involving an open surgery to replace the diseased blood vessel with an artificial blood vessel (graft).

In the conventional open operation, a large incision is made in the chest. The blood vessels above and below the aneurysm are clamped and the aneurysm itself is opened. Any blood clot in the aneurysm is removed and any bleeding blood vessels are controlled. The artificial graft is then stitched into place using permanent stitches.

Emergency treatment for ruptured aneurysms

A ruptured aneurysm is a dangerous occurrence. Patients who do not die from a ruptured aneurysm may present to hospital as an emergency usually with unwavering, intense pain. In this instance, the most common procedure for emergency aneurysm rupture repair is Open Aneurysm Repair.

EVAR has been performed on some ruptured aneurysms to some success, but only through the availability of well-manned units with top class radiological/operating facilities and considerable experience of endovascular repair.

In the event of suspected aneurysm rupture, you MUST present at your nearest hospital Emergency Department immediately.

What are the risks of aneurysm repair?

The risks of aneurysm treatment include:

• Cardiac complications
• Respiratory complications
• Kidney complications and damage
• Bleeding at the site of repair and/or access
• False aneurysm
• Pain/Discomfort
• Damage to blood vessels
• Nerve effects (including those that can cause sexual dysfunction in males
• Failure of technique and conversion to alternative approach
• Blood clots (DVT/PE)
• Infection
• Infection of the stent graft used for the aneurysm repair
• Multiple organ failure (MOF), which can be fatal

While the risks of treatment are large, the risk of not treating the aneurysm can be worse. Your surgeon will be able to provide you with the information you need to make an informed choice.

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